pydoc os
Help on module os:
NAME
os - OS routines for Mac, NT, or Posix depending on what system we're on.FILE
/usr/lib64/python2.6/os.pyDESCRIPTION
This exports: - all functions from posix, nt, os2, or ce, e.g. unlink, stat, etc. - os.path is one of the modules posixpath, or ntpath - os.name is 'posix', 'nt', 'os2', 'ce' or 'riscos' - os.curdir is a string representing the current directory ('.' or ':') - os.pardir is a string representing the parent directory ('..' or '::') - os.sep is the (or a most common) pathname separator ('/' or ':' or '\') - os.extsep is the extension separator ('.' or '/') - os.altsep is the alternate pathname separator (None or '/') - os.pathsep is the component separator used in $PATH etc - os.linesep is the line separator in text files ('\r' or '\n' or '\r\n') - os.defpath is the default search path for executables - os.devnull is the file path of the null device ('/dev/null', etc.)Programs that import and use 'os' stand a better chance of beingportable between different platforms. Of course, they must thenonly use functions that are defined by all platforms (e.g., unlinkand opendir), and leave all pathname manipulation to os.path(e.g., split and join).
CLASSES
builtin.object posix.stat_result posix.statvfs_result exceptions.EnvironmentError(exceptions.StandardError) exceptions.OSErrorerror = class OSError(EnvironmentError) | OS system call failed. | | Method resolution order: | OSError | EnvironmentError | StandardError | Exception | BaseException | __builtin__.object | | Methods defined here: | | __init__(...) | x.__init__(...) initializes x; see x.__class__.__doc__ for signature | | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | Data and other attributes defined here: | | __new__ =| T.__new__(S, ...) -> a new object with type S, a subtype of T | | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | Methods inherited from EnvironmentError: | | __reduce__(...) | | __str__(...) | x.__str__() <==> str(x) | | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | Data descriptors inherited from EnvironmentError: | | errno | exception errno | | filename | exception filename | | strerror | exception strerror | | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | Methods inherited from BaseException: | | __delattr__(...) | x.__delattr__('name') <==> del x.name | | __getattribute__(...) | x.__getattribute__('name') <==> x.name | | __getitem__(...) | x.__getitem__(y) <==> x[y] | | __getslice__(...) | x.__getslice__(i, j) <==> x[i:j] | | Use of negative indices is not supported. | | __repr__(...) | x.__repr__() <==> repr(x) | | __setattr__(...) | x.__setattr__('name', value) <==> x.name = value | | __setstate__(...) | | __unicode__(...) | | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | Data descriptors inherited from BaseException: | | __dict__ | | args | | messageclass stat_result(__builtin__.object) | stat_result: Result from stat or lstat. | | This object may be accessed either as a tuple of | (mode, ino, dev, nlink, uid, gid, size, atime, mtime, ctime) | or via the attributes st_mode, st_ino, st_dev, st_nlink, st_uid, and so on. | | Posix/windows: If your platform supports st_blksize, st_blocks, st_rdev, | or st_flags, they are available as attributes only. | | See os.stat for more information. | | Methods defined here: | | __add__(...) | x.__add__(y) <==> x+y | | __contains__(...) | x.__contains__(y) <==> y in x | | __eq__(...) | x.__eq__(y) <==> x==y | | __ge__(...) | x.__ge__(y) <==> x>=y | | __getitem__(...) | x.__getitem__(y) <==> x[y] | | __getslice__(...) | x.__getslice__(i, j) <==> x[i:j] | | Use of negative indices is not supported. | | __gt__(...) | x.__gt__(y) <==> x>y | | __hash__(...) | x.__hash__() <==> hash(x) | | __le__(...) | x.__le__(y) <==> x<=y | | __len__(...) | x.__len__() <==> len(x) | | __lt__(...) | x.__lt__(y) <==> x x*n | | __ne__(...) | x.__ne__(y) <==> x!=y | | __reduce__(...) | | __repr__(...) | x.__repr__() <==> repr(x) | | __rmul__(...) | x.__rmul__(n) <==> n*x | | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | Data descriptors defined here: | | st_atime | time of last access | | st_blksize | blocksize for filesystem I/O | | st_blocks | number of blocks allocated | | st_ctime | time of last change | | st_dev | device | | st_gid | group ID of owner | | st_ino | inode | | st_mode | protection bits | | st_mtime | time of last modification | | st_nlink | number of hard links | | st_rdev | device type (if inode device) | | st_size | total size, in bytes | | st_uid | user ID of owner | | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | Data and other attributes defined here: | | __new__ = | T.__new__(S, ...) -> a new object with type S, a subtype of T | | n_fields = 16 | | n_sequence_fields = 10 | | n_unnamed_fields = 3class statvfs_result(__builtin__.object) | statvfs_result: Result from statvfs or fstatvfs. | | This object may be accessed either as a tuple of | (bsize, frsize, blocks, bfree, bavail, files, ffree, favail, flag, namemax), | or via the attributes f_bsize, f_frsize, f_blocks, f_bfree, and so on. | | See os.statvfs for more information. | | Methods defined here: | | __add__(...) | x.__add__(y) <==> x+y | | __contains__(...) | x.__contains__(y) <==> y in x | | __eq__(...) | x.__eq__(y) <==> x==y | | __ge__(...) | x.__ge__(y) <==> x>=y | | __getitem__(...) | x.__getitem__(y) <==> x[y] | | __getslice__(...) | x.__getslice__(i, j) <==> x[i:j] | | Use of negative indices is not supported. | | __gt__(...) | x.__gt__(y) <==> x>y | | __hash__(...) | x.__hash__() <==> hash(x) | | __le__(...) | x.__le__(y) <==> x<=y | | __len__(...) | x.__len__() <==> len(x) | | __lt__(...) | x.__lt__(y) <==> x x*n | | __ne__(...) | x.__ne__(y) <==> x!=y | | __reduce__(...) | | __repr__(...) | x.__repr__() <==> repr(x) | | __rmul__(...) | x.__rmul__(n) <==> n*x | | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | Data descriptors defined here: | | f_bavail | | f_bfree | | f_blocks | | f_bsize | | f_favail | | f_ffree | | f_files | | f_flag | | f_frsize | | f_namemax | | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | Data and other attributes defined here: | | __new__ = | T.__new__(S, ...) -> a new object with type S, a subtype of T | | n_fields = 10 | | n_sequence_fields = 10 | | n_unnamed_fields = 0
FUNCTIONS
WCOREDUMP(...) WCOREDUMP(status) -> boolReturn True if the process returning 'status' was dumped to a core file.WEXITSTATUS(...) WEXITSTATUS(status) -> integer Return the process return code from 'status'.WIFCONTINUED(...) WIFCONTINUED(status) -> bool Return True if the process returning 'status' was continued from a job control stop.WIFEXITED(...) WIFEXITED(status) -> bool Return true if the process returning 'status' exited using the exit() system call.WIFSIGNALED(...) WIFSIGNALED(status) -> bool Return True if the process returning 'status' was terminated by a signal.WIFSTOPPED(...) WIFSTOPPED(status) -> bool Return True if the process returning 'status' was stopped.WSTOPSIG(...) WSTOPSIG(status) -> integer Return the signal that stopped the process that provided the 'status' value.WTERMSIG(...) WTERMSIG(status) -> integer Return the signal that terminated the process that provided the 'status' value.abort(...) abort() -> does not return! Abort the interpreter immediately. This 'dumps core' or otherwise fails in the hardest way possible on the hosting operating system.access(...) access(path, mode) -> True if granted, False otherwise Use the real uid/gid to test for access to a path. Note that most operations will use the effective uid/gid, therefore this routine can be used in a suid/sgid environment to test if the invoking user has the specified access to the path. The mode argument can be F_OK to test existence, or the inclusive-OR of R_OK, W_OK, and X_OK.chdir(...) chdir(path) Change the current working directory to the specified path.chmod(...) chmod(path, mode) Change the access permissions of a file.chown(...) chown(path, uid, gid) Change the owner and group id of path to the numeric uid and gid.chroot(...) chroot(path) Change root directory to path.close(...) close(fd) Close a file descriptor (for low level IO).closerange(...) closerange(fd_low, fd_high) Closes all file descriptors in [fd_low, fd_high), ignoring errors.confstr(...) confstr(name) -> string Return a string-valued system configuration variable.ctermid(...) ctermid() -> string Return the name of the controlling terminal for this process.dup(...) dup(fd) -> fd2 Return a duplicate of a file descriptor.dup2(...) dup2(old_fd, new_fd) Duplicate file descriptor.execl(file, *args) execl(file, *args) Execute the executable file with argument list args, replacing the current process.execle(file, *args) execle(file, *args, env) Execute the executable file with argument list args and environment env, replacing the current process.execlp(file, *args) execlp(file, *args) Execute the executable file (which is searched for along $PATH) with argument list args, replacing the current process.execlpe(file, *args) execlpe(file, *args, env) Execute the executable file (which is searched for along $PATH) with argument list args and environment env, replacing the current process.execv(...) execv(path, args) Execute an executable path with arguments, replacing current process. path: path of executable file args: tuple or list of stringsexecve(...) execve(path, args, env) Execute a path with arguments and environment, replacing current process. path: path of executable file args: tuple or list of arguments env: dictionary of strings mapping to stringsexecvp(file, args) execvp(file, args) Execute the executable file (which is searched for along $PATH) with argument list args, replacing the current process. args may be a list or tuple of strings.execvpe(file, args, env) execvpe(file, args, env) Execute the executable file (which is searched for along $PATH) with argument list args and environment env , replacing the current process. args may be a list or tuple of strings.fchdir(...) fchdir(fildes) Change to the directory of the given file descriptor. fildes must be opened on a directory, not a file.fchmod(...) fchmod(fd, mode) Change the access permissions of the file given by file descriptor fd.fchown(...) fchown(fd, uid, gid) Change the owner and group id of the file given by file descriptor fd to the numeric uid and gid.fdatasync(...) fdatasync(fildes) force write of file with filedescriptor to disk. does not force update of metadata.fdopen(...) fdopen(fd [, mode='r' [, bufsize]]) -> file_object Return an open file object connected to a file descriptor.fork(...) fork() -> pid Fork a child process. Return 0 to child process and PID of child to parent process.forkpty(...) forkpty() -> (pid, master_fd) Fork a new process with a new pseudo-terminal as controlling tty. Like fork(), return 0 as pid to child process, and PID of child to parent. To both, return fd of newly opened pseudo-terminal.fpathconf(...) fpathconf(fd, name) -> integer Return the configuration limit name for the file descriptor fd. If there is no limit, return -1.fstat(...) fstat(fd) -> stat result Like stat(), but for an open file descriptor.fstatvfs(...) fstatvfs(fd) -> statvfs result Perform an fstatvfs system call on the given fd.fsync(...) fsync(fildes) force write of file with filedescriptor to disk.ftruncate(...) ftruncate(fd, length) Truncate a file to a specified length.getcwd(...) getcwd() -> path Return a string representing the current working directory.getcwdu(...) getcwdu() -> path Return a unicode string representing the current working directory.getegid(...) getegid() -> egid Return the current process's effective group id.getenv(key, default=None) Get an environment variable, return None if it doesn't exist. The optional second argument can specify an alternate default.geteuid(...) geteuid() -> euid Return the current process's effective user id.getgid(...) getgid() -> gid Return the current process's group id.getgroups(...) getgroups() -> list of group IDs Return list of supplemental group IDs for the process.getloadavg(...) getloadavg() -> (float, float, float) Return the number of processes in the system run queue averaged over the last 1, 5, and 15 minutes or raises OSError if the load average was unobtainablegetlogin(...) getlogin() -> string Return the actual login name.getpgid(...) getpgid(pid) -> pgid Call the system call getpgid().getpgrp(...) getpgrp() -> pgrp Return the current process group id.getpid(...) getpid() -> pid Return the current process idgetppid(...) getppid() -> ppid Return the parent's process id.getsid(...) getsid(pid) -> sid Call the system call getsid().getuid(...) getuid() -> uid Return the current process's user id.isatty(...) isatty(fd) -> bool Return True if the file descriptor 'fd' is an open file descriptor connected to the slave end of a terminal.kill(...) kill(pid, sig) Kill a process with a signal.killpg(...) killpg(pgid, sig) Kill a process group with a signal.lchown(...) lchown(path, uid, gid) Change the owner and group id of path to the numeric uid and gid. This function will not follow symbolic links.link(...) link(src, dst) Create a hard link to a file.listdir(...) listdir(path) -> list_of_strings Return a list containing the names of the entries in the directory. path: path of directory to list The list is in arbitrary order. It does not include the special entries '.' and '..' even if they are present in the directory.lseek(...) lseek(fd, pos, how) -> newpos Set the current position of a file descriptor.lstat(...) lstat(path) -> stat result Like stat(path), but do not follow symbolic links.major(...) major(device) -> major number Extracts a device major number from a raw device number.makedev(...) makedev(major, minor) -> device number Composes a raw device number from the major and minor device numbers.makedirs(name, mode=511) makedirs(path [, mode=0777]) Super-mkdir; create a leaf directory and all intermediate ones. Works like mkdir, except that any intermediate path segment (not just the rightmost) will be created if it does not exist. This is recursive.minor(...) minor(device) -> minor number Extracts a device minor number from a raw device number.mkdir(...) mkdir(path [, mode=0777]) Create a directory.mkfifo(...) mkfifo(filename [, mode=0666]) Create a FIFO (a POSIX named pipe).mknod(...) mknod(filename [, mode=0600, device]) Create a filesystem node (file, device special file or named pipe) named filename. mode specifies both the permissions to use and the type of node to be created, being combined (bitwise OR) with one of S_IFREG, S_IFCHR, S_IFBLK, and S_IFIFO. For S_IFCHR and S_IFBLK, device defines the newly created device special file (probably using os.makedev()), otherwise it is ignored.nice(...) nice(inc) -> new_priority Decrease the priority of process by inc and return the new priority.open(...) open(filename, flag [, mode=0777]) -> fd Open a file (for low level IO).openpty(...) openpty() -> (master_fd, slave_fd) Open a pseudo-terminal, returning open fd's for both master and slave end.pathconf(...) pathconf(path, name) -> integer Return the configuration limit name for the file or directory path. If there is no limit, return -1.pipe(...) pipe() -> (read_end, write_end) Create a pipe.popen(...) popen(command [, mode='r' [, bufsize]]) -> pipe Open a pipe to/from a command returning a file object.popen2(cmd, mode='t', bufsize=-1) Execute the shell command 'cmd' in a sub-process. On UNIX, 'cmd' may be a sequence, in which case arguments will be passed directly to the program without shell intervention (as with os.spawnv()). If 'cmd' is a string it will be passed to the shell (as with os.system()). If 'bufsize' is specified, it sets the buffer size for the I/O pipes. The file objects (child_stdin, child_stdout) are returned.popen3(cmd, mode='t', bufsize=-1) Execute the shell command 'cmd' in a sub-process. On UNIX, 'cmd' may be a sequence, in which case arguments will be passed directly to the program without shell intervention (as with os.spawnv()). If 'cmd' is a string it will be passed to the shell (as with os.system()). If 'bufsize' is specified, it sets the buffer size for the I/O pipes. The file objects (child_stdin, child_stdout, child_stderr) are returned.popen4(cmd, mode='t', bufsize=-1) Execute the shell command 'cmd' in a sub-process. On UNIX, 'cmd' may be a sequence, in which case arguments will be passed directly to the program without shell intervention (as with os.spawnv()). If 'cmd' is a string it will be passed to the shell (as with os.system()). If 'bufsize' is specified, it sets the buffer size for the I/O pipes. The file objects (child_stdin, child_stdout_stderr) are returned.putenv(...) putenv(key, value) Change or add an environment variable.read(...) read(fd, buffersize) -> string Read a file descriptor.readlink(...) readlink(path) -> path Return a string representing the path to which the symbolic link points.remove(...) remove(path) Remove a file (same as unlink(path)).removedirs(name) removedirs(path) Super-rmdir; remove a leaf directory and all empty intermediate ones. Works like rmdir except that, if the leaf directory is successfully removed, directories corresponding to rightmost path segments will be pruned away until either the whole path is consumed or an error occurs. Errors during this latter phase are ignored -- they generally mean that a directory was not empty.rename(...) rename(old, new) Rename a file or directory.renames(old, new) renames(old, new) Super-rename; create directories as necessary and delete any left empty. Works like rename, except creation of any intermediate directories needed to make the new pathname good is attempted first. After the rename, directories corresponding to rightmost path segments of the old name will be pruned way until either the whole path is consumed or a nonempty directory is found. Note: this function can fail with the new directory structure made if you lack permissions needed to unlink the leaf directory or file.rmdir(...) rmdir(path) Remove a directory.setegid(...) setegid(gid) Set the current process's effective group id.seteuid(...) seteuid(uid) Set the current process's effective user id.setgid(...) setgid(gid) Set the current process's group id.setgroups(...) setgroups(list) Set the groups of the current process to list.setpgid(...) setpgid(pid, pgrp) Call the system call setpgid().setpgrp(...) setpgrp() Make this process the process group leader.setregid(...) setregid(rgid, egid) Set the current process's real and effective group ids.setreuid(...) setreuid(ruid, euid) Set the current process's real and effective user ids.setsid(...) setsid() Call the system call setsid().setuid(...) setuid(uid) Set the current process's user id.spawnl(mode, file, *args) spawnl(mode, file, *args) -> integer Execute file with arguments from args in a subprocess. If mode == P_NOWAIT return the pid of the process. If mode == P_WAIT return the process's exit code if it exits normally; otherwise return -SIG, where SIG is the signal that killed it.spawnle(mode, file, *args) spawnle(mode, file, *args, env) -> integer Execute file with arguments from args in a subprocess with the supplied environment. If mode == P_NOWAIT return the pid of the process. If mode == P_WAIT return the process's exit code if it exits normally; otherwise return -SIG, where SIG is the signal that killed it.spawnlp(mode, file, *args) spawnlp(mode, file, *args) -> integer Execute file (which is looked for along $PATH) with arguments from args in a subprocess with the supplied environment. If mode == P_NOWAIT return the pid of the process. If mode == P_WAIT return the process's exit code if it exits normally; otherwise return -SIG, where SIG is the signal that killed it.spawnlpe(mode, file, *args) spawnlpe(mode, file, *args, env) -> integer Execute file (which is looked for along $PATH) with arguments from args in a subprocess with the supplied environment. If mode == P_NOWAIT return the pid of the process. If mode == P_WAIT return the process's exit code if it exits normally; otherwise return -SIG, where SIG is the signal that killed it.spawnv(mode, file, args) spawnv(mode, file, args) -> integer Execute file with arguments from args in a subprocess. If mode == P_NOWAIT return the pid of the process. If mode == P_WAIT return the process's exit code if it exits normally; otherwise return -SIG, where SIG is the signal that killed it.spawnve(mode, file, args, env) spawnve(mode, file, args, env) -> integer Execute file with arguments from args in a subprocess with the specified environment. If mode == P_NOWAIT return the pid of the process. If mode == P_WAIT return the process's exit code if it exits normally; otherwise return -SIG, where SIG is the signal that killed it.spawnvp(mode, file, args) spawnvp(mode, file, args) -> integer Execute file (which is looked for along $PATH) with arguments from args in a subprocess. If mode == P_NOWAIT return the pid of the process. If mode == P_WAIT return the process's exit code if it exits normally; otherwise return -SIG, where SIG is the signal that killed it.spawnvpe(mode, file, args, env) spawnvpe(mode, file, args, env) -> integer Execute file (which is looked for along $PATH) with arguments from args in a subprocess with the supplied environment. If mode == P_NOWAIT return the pid of the process. If mode == P_WAIT return the process's exit code if it exits normally; otherwise return -SIG, where SIG is the signal that killed it.stat(...) stat(path) -> stat result Perform a stat system call on the given path.stat_float_times(...) stat_float_times([newval]) -> oldval Determine whether os.[lf]stat represents time stamps as float objects. If newval is True, future calls to stat() return floats, if it is False, future calls return ints. If newval is omitted, return the current setting.statvfs(...) statvfs(path) -> statvfs result Perform a statvfs system call on the given path.strerror(...) strerror(code) -> string Translate an error code to a message string.symlink(...) symlink(src, dst) Create a symbolic link pointing to src named dst.sysconf(...) sysconf(name) -> integer Return an integer-valued system configuration variable.system(...) system(command) -> exit_status Execute the command (a string) in a subshell.tcgetpgrp(...) tcgetpgrp(fd) -> pgid Return the process group associated with the terminal given by a fd.tcsetpgrp(...) tcsetpgrp(fd, pgid) Set the process group associated with the terminal given by a fd.tempnam(...) tempnam([dir[, prefix]]) -> string Return a unique name for a temporary file. The directory and a prefix may be specified as strings; they may be omitted or None if not needed.times(...) times() -> (utime, stime, cutime, cstime, elapsed_time) Return a tuple of floating point numbers indicating process times.tmpfile(...) tmpfile() -> file object Create a temporary file with no directory entries.tmpnam(...) tmpnam() -> string Return a unique name for a temporary file.ttyname(...) ttyname(fd) -> string Return the name of the terminal device connected to 'fd'.umask(...) umask(new_mask) -> old_mask Set the current numeric umask and return the previous umask.uname(...) uname() -> (sysname, nodename, release, version, machine) Return a tuple identifying the current operating system.unlink(...) unlink(path) Remove a file (same as remove(path)).unsetenv(...) unsetenv(key) Delete an environment variable.urandom(...) urandom(n) -> str Return n random bytes suitable for cryptographic use.utime(...) utime(path, (atime, mtime)) utime(path, None) Set the access and modified time of the file to the given values. If the second form is used, set the access and modified times to the current time.wait(...) wait() -> (pid, status) Wait for completion of a child process.wait3(...) wait3(options) -> (pid, status, rusage) Wait for completion of a child process.wait4(...) wait4(pid, options) -> (pid, status, rusage) Wait for completion of a given child process.waitpid(...) waitpid(pid, options) -> (pid, status) Wait for completion of a given child process.walk(top, topdown=True, onerror=None, followlinks=False) Directory tree generator. For each directory in the directory tree rooted at top (including top itself, but excluding '.' and '..'), yields a 3-tuple dirpath, dirnames, filenames dirpath is a string, the path to the directory. dirnames is a list of the names of the subdirectories in dirpath (excluding '.' and '..'). filenames is a list of the names of the non-directory files in dirpath. Note that the names in the lists are just names, with no path components. To get a full path (which begins with top) to a file or directory in dirpath, do os.path.join(dirpath, name). If optional arg 'topdown' is true or not specified, the triple for a directory is generated before the triples for any of its subdirectories (directories are generated top down). If topdown is false, the triple for a directory is generated after the triples for all of its subdirectories (directories are generated bottom up). When topdown is true, the caller can modify the dirnames list in-place (e.g., via del or slice assignment), and walk will only recurse into the subdirectories whose names remain in dirnames; this can be used to prune the search, or to impose a specific order of visiting. Modifying dirnames when topdown is false is ineffective, since the directories in dirnames have already been generated by the time dirnames itself is generated. By default errors from the os.listdir() call are ignored. If optional arg 'onerror' is specified, it should be a function; it will be called with one argument, an os.error instance. It can report the error to continue with the walk, or raise the exception to abort the walk. Note that the filename is available as the filename attribute of the exception object. By default, os.walk does not follow symbolic links to subdirectories on systems that support them. In order to get this functionality, set the optional argument 'followlinks' to true. Caution: if you pass a relative pathname for top, don't change the current working directory between resumptions of walk. walk never changes the current directory, and assumes that the client doesn't either. Example: import os from os.path import join, getsize for root, dirs, files in os.walk('python/Lib/email'): print root, "consumes", print sum([getsize(join(root, name)) for name in files]), print "bytes in", len(files), "non-directory files" if 'CVS' in dirs: dirs.remove('CVS') # don't visit CVS directorieswrite(...) write(fd, string) -> byteswritten Write a string to a file descriptor. DATA
EX_CANTCREAT = 73 EX_CONFIG = 78 EX_DATAERR = 65 EX_IOERR = 74 EX_NOHOST = 68 EX_NOINPUT = 66 EX_NOPERM = 77 EX_NOUSER = 67 EX_OK = 0 EX_OSERR = 71 EX_OSFILE = 72 EX_PROTOCOL = 76 EX_SOFTWARE = 70 EX_TEMPFAIL = 75 EX_UNAVAILABLE = 69 EX_USAGE = 64 F_OK = 0 NGROUPS_MAX = 65536 O_APPEND = 1024 O_ASYNC = 8192 O_CREAT = 64 O_DIRECT = 16384 O_DIRECTORY = 65536 O_DSYNC = 4096 O_EXCL = 128 O_LARGEFILE = 0 O_NDELAY = 2048 O_NOATIME = 262144 O_NOCTTY = 256 O_NOFOLLOW = 131072 O_NONBLOCK = 2048 O_RDONLY = 0 O_RDWR = 2 O_RSYNC = 1052672 O_SYNC = 1052672 O_TRUNC = 512 O_WRONLY = 1 R_OK = 4 SEEK_CUR = 1 SEEK_END = 2 SEEK_SET = 0 ST_APPEND = 256 ST_MANDLOCK = 64 ST_NOATIME = 1024 ST_NODEV = 4 ST_NODIRATIME = 2048 ST_NOEXEC = 8 ST_NOSUID = 2 ST_RDONLY = 1 ST_RELATIME = 4096 ST_SYNCHRONOUS = 16 ST_WRITE = 128 TMP_MAX = 238328 WCONTINUED = 8 WNOHANG = 1 WUNTRACED = 2 W_OK = 2 X_OK = 1all = ['altsep', 'curdir', 'pardir', 'sep', 'extsep', 'pathsep', '... altsep = None confstr_names = {'CS_LFS64_CFLAGS': 1004, 'CS_LFS64_LDFLAGS': 1005, 'C... curdir = '.' defpath = ':/bin:/usr/bin' devnull = '/dev/null' environ = {'SSH_ASKPASS': '/usr/libexec/openssh/gnome-ssh-...axa=01;36... extsep = '.' linesep = '\n' name = 'posix' pardir = '..' pathconf_names = {'PC_ASYNC_IO': 10, 'PC_CHOWN_RESTRICTED': 6, 'PC_FIL... pathsep = ':' sep = '/' sysconf_names = {'SC_2_CHAR_TERM': 95, 'SC_2_C_BIND': 47, 'SC_2_C_DEV'...